Open Access
Review
Table 1
By-products in iron and steelmaking and recycling/utilizing options, according to Refs. [21,22].
| By-product | Recycling/utilizing option |
|---|---|
| Coal and coke dusts | Сoal blend or sold. |
| Coke breeze | Iron ore sintering or pelletizing. |
| Tar, sulphur, sulphuric acid, and ammonium sulfate | They can be sold. |
| Raw benzene, toluene, xylene mixture | Refined and sold. |
| Sludge, solids, pitch, and contaminated wood pulp from PAH treatment | Сoal blend or brought to landfills. |
| BF slag (GB/AB slag) | Cement/concrete, road, others. |
| BOF slag | Cement/concrete, roads, hydraulic engineering, fertilizer, metallurgical use, others. |
| EAF C* slag | Landfill replacement, landfill building material, aggregate. |
| EAF S** slag | Landfill replacement, landfill building material, metal extraction, aggregates (e.g., unbound mixtures). |
| LF slag | Acid mine drainage prevention, treatment, remediation; soil stabilization and road base reclamation; sludge solidification and stabilization; hazardous waste stabilization; flowable fill and excavatable backfill. |
| Sinter dust | Internal recycling as sinter raw material. |
| BF dust (coarse) | Internal: mixed and granulated in sinter raw material, pelletized/briquetted in BF burden, or injected into BF via tuyere. |
| BF sludge (fine) | Internal: dezincing pre-treatment by the hydro cyclone; afterwards: mixed and granulated in sinter raw material, briquetted in BF. External: dezincing (shaft furnace − Oxycup, DK Recycling − Waelz process); sent to the landfill. |
| BOF dust (coarse) | Internal: used in the sinter plant, BF, and BOF. |
| BOF dust/sludge (fine) | External: dezincing (shaft furnace process); sent to the landfill. |
| EAF C* dust | External: zinc recovery through the pyrometallurgical Waelz process (rotary kiln). |
| EAF S** dust | External: processed to recover Cr and Ni in the form of ferroalloys. |
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