Table 4
Validation of the models for decarbonizing the steel industry.
| Parameter | Unit | Literature data | Simulated data | Relative error in % [(simulated-literature)/literature] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EAF electricity consumption (50% scrap, 50% HBI) | kWh/t CS | 470 [25] | 490.09 | +4.27% |
| EAF slag output (50% scrap, 50% HBI) | kg/t CS | 84 [25] | 84.55 | +0.65% |
| EAF metal yield (50% scrap, 50% HBI) | % | 91.1 [25] | 88.18 | −3.21% |
| EAF electricity consumption (100% DRI) | kWh/t CS | 423 [25] | 405.16 | −4.22% |
| EAF slag output (100% DRI) | kg/t CS | 127 [25] | 125.31 | −1.33% |
| EAF metal yield (100% DRI) | % | 88 [25] | 84.21 | −4.31% |
| DR CH4-based process: CH4 demand | m3STP/t DRI | 262 [14] | 255 | −2.7% |
| DR H2-based process: H2 demand | m3STP/t DRI | 800 [14] | 745.5 | −6.8% |
| Amine scrubber: liquid-to-gas (L/G) ratio | L/m3 | 3.4 [26] | 3.43 | +0.77% |
| Amine scrubber: specific energy demand | GJ/t CO2 | 3.68 [26] | 3.38 | −8.27% |
| Amine scrubber: separation efficiency | – | 90.61 [26] | 90.02 | −0.65% |
| CO2 liquefaction: net electricity consumption | kW | 363.88 [27] | 381.62 | +4.88% |
| CO2 liquefaction: net cooling duty | kW | 1,234.00 [27] | 1,310.64 | +6.21% |
| CO2 liquefaction: CO2 condenser cooling duty | kW | 473.34 [27] | 474.45 | +0.23% |
| CO2 liquefaction: ammonia mass flow rate | kg/h | 1,212.00 [27] | 1,186.64 | −2.09% |
| Methanation stage 1: CH4 concentration | vol.% | 37.44 [21] | 39.36 | +5.13% |
| Methanation stage 2: CH4 concentration | vol.% | 44.36 [21] | 44.90 | +1.22% |
| Methanation stage 3: CH4 concentration | vol.% | 47.28 [21] | 47.56 | +0.59% |
| Methanation stage 1: reactor outlet temperature | °C | 604 [21] | 602.14 | −0.31% |
| Methanation stage 2: reactor outlet temperature | °C | 451 [21] | 458.83 | +1.74% |
| Methanation stage 3: reactor outlet temperature | °C | 303 [21] | 306.50 | +1.15% |
| Methanol synthesis reference point F1: molar flow rate | kmol/h | 4,019.00 [28] | 4,027.74 | +0.22% |
| Methanol synthesis output: MeOH molar flow rate | kmol/h | 3,274.48 [28] | 3,291.38 | +0.52% |
| Methanol synthesis output: H2O molar flow rate | kmol/h | 706.93 [28] | 663.67 | −6.12% |
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