Issue |
Matériaux & Techniques
Volume 89, Number 9-10, 2001
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Page(s) | 45 - 49 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/200189090045 | |
Published online | 11 April 2017 |
La coopération européenne dans l’histoire de la science des matériaux. Contributions roumaines
European cooperation in the history of materials science - romanian contributions
Membre correspondant de l’Académie Roumaine Professeur à l’Université Technique de Cluj-Napoca
La fin du XIXème siècle a marqué, du point de vue de la relation science-industrie, le début d’une nouvelle époque: celle de la recherche scientifique dirigée vers l’industrie qui continue d’exister jusqu’à nos jours, quand le progrès industriel et scientifique sont étroitement liés. Un exemple dans ce sens est la création, il y a un siècle, de la science des matériaux, en majorité métalliques, dont l’application a révolutionné l’industrie et a eu de grandes conséquences sur le développement de la civilisation [1].
Les étapes de l’histoire de la science des matériaux résultent des grands événements suivants, qui ont exercé une influence décisive sur sa formation et son développement [2] :
- l’introduction de l’expérimentation en métallurgie et la découverte de nouveaux matériaux (Réaumur, 1722) [3] ;
- la découverte des constituants et des transformations des phases dans les alliages, c’est-à-dire la création de la théorie des alliages et des traitements thermiques grâce à deux méthodes d’investigation: la métallographie et l’analyse thermique (Osmond, Le Chatelier, Roberts-Austen, Martens, 1887-1895) ;
- la découverte de la diffraction des rayons X et leur application en cristallographie (Bungetianu, 1896; von Laue, 1912; Bragg, 1913) [4] ;
- L’idée des défauts cristallins (dislocations) et leur découverte expérimentale ultérieure (Taylor, Orowan, Burgers, Frank, etc., 1934-1939).
On cherche à obtenir une caractérisation scientifique des matériaux en général par une théorie structurale unitaire qui est en train d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives dans leur compréhension profonde, dans la création de nouveaux matériaux à hautes performances, dans l’optimisation de leur choix et de leur emploi.
Abstract
Réaumur (1683-1757) a real encyclopedic scientist of the XVIIIth century is the one who introduced the experiment in metallurgy. By creating new materials, by introducing the macro and microscopic study of metals, by his contacts with scientists from so many countries, he is in the same time a forerunner of the European scientific cooperation.
The old Association Internationale pour les Essais des Matériaux has been set up in 1895 by Tetmayer, who presided as chairman its first congress in Zurich; Adolf Martens (1850-1914), director of the Office of Materials Testing in Berlin, was elected vice-chairman. The Romanian section of the Association included, among, others, Alfons Saligny who had set up, in 1886, the first testing laboratory at Bridges and Highways School in Bucharest. Other members were C. Mironescu and G. Pfeiffer (president). A second remarkable event of international co-operation took place in the same 1895 year in the metallography field. At the Floris Osmond’s (1819-1912) proposal, the structural constituents of steels and cast iron received names in the honor of some great metallurgists: martensite (Martens), sorbite (Sorby), austenite (Roberts-Austen), troostite (Troost), ledeburite (Ledebur).
In Romania, Cristea Nicolescu-Otin cooperates with R. Kuhnel (Berlin) in his research on metallography and thermal analysis, published between 1910 and 1913. Later, Traian Negrescu (1900-1960), disciple in Paris of Léon Guillet and Georges Urbain, cooperates with the Swedish C. Benedicks and A. F. Westgren to study the carbides from the chrome steels through quantitative spectroscopy. In 1927, T. Negrescu sets up in Bucharest the Laboratory and the Faculty of Metallurgy.
In 1928, under the A. Mesnager authority was set up in Paris the new International Association for Materials Testing with four sections, the chairman of the «Metals» section being Walter Rosenhain. At its first congress in Zurich (1931), Romania was well represented by N. Vasilescu-Karpen (chairman), C. D. Busila, G. E. Filipescu, G Stratilescu. M Mazilu, C C Teodorescu and others, next to the great metallurgists A. Portevin (Paris), E. Piwowarski (Aachen), R. Kuhnel (Berlin), W. Rosenhain (London) etc.
In the last 50 years, a great number of international associations in all branches of materials science and metallurgy were set up. It is to be mentioned one with general character, FEMS (Federation Of European Materials Societies), which rallies the main national associations and is publishing since 1994 the Euromaterials journal. In Romania appeared over 20 societies in the field of materials science and were set up several faculties of Materials Science and Engineering - the first one in Cluj-Napoca in 1990. At the new Academy of Technical Science (1997), one of the sections is that of Materials Science and Engineering.
© SIRPE 2001
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