Open Access
Review
Table 2
The main research activities on Industrial Symbiosis involving the steel sector.
| CO2 capture and valorisation by | Using CO/CO2 and H2 to produce hydrocarbons (e.g. methane or methanol) |
| Using CO2 for greenhouses enabling local circularity hubs | |
| Valorising renewable H2 between the steel sector and other industries (e.g. chemical sector) | |
| Optimizing energy consumption by waste heat recovery and valorization and renewable energy sources integration | |
| Increasing material efficiency by | Using secondary nonferrous materials |
| Reusing iron-rich secondary streams | |
| Reusing iron and steelmaking slags or mineral fractions | |
| Improving the environmental compatibility of new EAF slags for different applications | |
| Implementing alternative carbon sources in EAF steelmaking | |
| Modelling and simulation tools to support further improvements in resources and energy efficiency | |
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