Table 2
Main constraints and barriers for wastewater reuse and recirculation in steelworks.
| Constraints | Barriers |
|---|---|
| Water amount required by the process | Availability of freshwater |
| Water quality impacting process operation | Environmental issues (e.g. related to the use of chemicals) |
| Water quality impacting on health and safety | Relevant capital expenditure (e.g. related to the need for very efficient treatment processes) |
| Legal requirements | High operating costs (e.g. for pumping and treatments) |
| Maintenance costs | |
| Reduction of product quality | |
| Reduction of discharging water quality |
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